Beginning in the 1990s, supply chains rapidly became more fragmented and more global. To a large extent, the offshoring wave in the 2000s was driven by cost advantages in production, especially in emerging market economies, resulting in an increase in the emerging market value content in global value chains (GVCs). Recent data suggests that this trend reversed in 2011, and the share of local value added is now increasing in mature economies. Manufacturing producers are shifting away from foreign suppliers of intermediate inputs toward more local ones. Indeed, this is the dominant trend in most industries in mature economies.  

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